Abstract—The paper aims to study the relationship between
economic growth and CO2 emissions in MENAP countries over
the period 1994 to 2011. Breusch-Pagan LM cross-sectional
dependency test, CADF panel unit-root test and Westerlund
panel cointegration test have been used for the estimation.
Quadratic and cubic polynomial random coefficient panel
regression models (RCM) were estimated using carbon emission,
economic growth and energy consumption variables. Quadratic
and cubic RCM models were estimated for two sub-sample
individual countries, oil-exported MENAP countries and others
MENAP countries. As a result of panel unit-root test, all
variables are stationary in first difference. Panel cointegration
test represented that there is a long term relation among carbon
emission, economic growth and energy consumption variables.
In oil-exported MENAP countries, quadratic random
coefficient panel regression model results proved that there is
U-shaped and monotonically increasing shape, cubic random
coefficient panel regression model showed that there is
monotonically decreasing and N-shaped. In others MENAP
countries, quadratic random coefficient panel regression model
results proved that there is an inverted U-shaped, cubic random
coefficient panel regression model showed that there is
N-shaped. Consequently, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC),
inverted U-shape, is valid only other MENAP countries,
excluding Morocco, at the quadratic model. And, EKC
reformed N-shaped in cubic model in the same sub-sample.
Index Terms—Economic growth, carbon emissions, panel
regression model, MENAP countries.
Aynur Pala is with Okan University, Turkey (e-mail:
aynur.pala@okan.edu.tr)
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Cite:Aynur Pala, "Is There An Environmental Kuznets Curve in MENAP Countries? Quadratic and Cubic Polynomial Random Coefficient Panel Regression Model," Journal of Clean Energy Technologies vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 178-182, 2018.
